I believe that using technology is a good way to improve our student's Research Paper

I believe that using technology is a good way to improve our student's literacy my Phenomenon - Research Paper Example Writing on keyboard allows an individual room to make spelling mistakes, because they automatically get notified, thus allowing the individual to totally concentrate upon ideas and their interpretation into words. (Schacter) has analyzed five largest and two small scale studies to analyze the effect of technology upon education. As a result of the analysis, Schacter found that the various types of technologies studied in the selected studies that included but were not limited to the computer assisted education, collaborated networked technology, and integrated learning systems technology had positive impact upon the achievement of students in general. Nevertheless, there were special conditions in which technology was found to have no or adverse impact upon education and achievement. For example, the technology is of no use when the objectives of learning are unclear, and some people tend to pay more attention towards technology than education, which makes the attainment of education a secondary goal when it should actually be primary. The research emphasizes that maximum use of technology can be made by clear identification of learning goals, and improvement of the learning environment. There is a well constructed article upon the negative effects of the use of technology in classroom education written by Julia Klaus. (Klaus) has asserted that negative effects may result from the use of technology in classroom if it is used inappropriately. Three potential adverse effects have been identified that are wastage of time in setting the technology or making students skilled in its handling and use, overuse of technology, and promotion of game mentality. Justification of Evidence: The book by (Thompson et al) provides a lot of evidence in support of my point of view that considers technology a means of improving special students’ literary skills. The book is quite relevant to the subject under consideration in that it offers a thorough and comprehensive expla nation of the numerous ways in which computer aided education improves the special students’ reading and writing skills. If we are to judge the role of technology in the education of students, nothing can be better than studying its effects upon the tendency of special students to gain education. Special students are students with disabilities. They are exposed to more challenges than normal students in the attainment of education. Thus, if technology works for them, it definitely does for normal students as well. This is the reason why I selected this book for analyzing this matter. The authors have made a thorough analysis of all potential areas that may be cause of problem in the attainment of appropriate literary skills. Thompson et al first identify the responsibilities of educators, followed by common literacy problems experienced by the students with disabilities. I considered this document worthy of selection for analysis because it covers five of the largest research es ever pertaining to the technological education in addition to two smaller scale researches. The studies are not only the largest but also quite diverse in their sample sizes, heterogeneity of sample and the areas of investigation. After conducting the thorough

Chemistry and Math Essay Example for Free

Chemistry and Math Essay Education is the best legacy. This has been a lifelong statement that I have come to believe. Personally, I believe that learning continues until the death of a man. This is because no man can claim to know everything. Life faces us with new possibilities daily and there is the next thing waiting in line; a new ladder to climb and a new goal or dream to achieve. Therefore, while we appreciate our present academic achievement, we should strive more by seeking more knowledge to improve ourselves. Furthermore, I believe that the achievement of one goal should lead to the desire to set a higher one. In this context, I strongly subscribe to the idea that knowledge is imperishable and thus should be a priority for every person. There should naturally be a curiosity that will instigate the desire to know more and to acquire more knowledge from time to time. Consequently, I have educational and professional goals that I hold dear to my heart. Presently, I am a double major student studying Chemistry and Math. As part of my desire to learn more and add more to myself, I intend to enroll for postgraduate studies so that I can earn a Ph D in Chemistry. Due to my interest in Chemistry and Biology, I hope to attend medical school so that I can become a medical doctor. As a medical doctor, I want to specialize in the field of endocrinology or surgery. I have always dreamt that one day I will be able to open up my own private practice where I can help people with imbalances in their endocrine systems and help reduce pain that people go through daily. In addition to this, I hope that later in life I will be able to lecture Chemistry and also work with a pharmaceutical company in hopes of being able to synthesis new drugs in the fight against HIV. I know it takes a lot of dedication, focus and hard work to achieve all these but I believe nothing good comes easy and I live with this mindset every single day of my life. Consequently, I have developed a keen interest in and an unrivaled thirst for learning. As a professional, I would love to be a valuable asset so that I can give back to the community.

Essay --

What is type I hypersensitivity? Type I hypersensitivity is also called immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. The reaction may include skin, eyes, nasopharynx, bronchopulmonary tissues and gastrointestinal tract. Hypersensitivity may cause a variety of symptoms from minor health problems to death. The reaction usually takes 15 - 30 minutes from the time of exposure to the antigen, although sometimes it may have a delayed onset from 10 - 12 hours. (#1) Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE and the primary cellular factor is the mast cell or basophil. The reaction is intensified or modified by platelets, neutrophils and eosinophils. While the mechanism of this reaction is involved in favored production of IgE in response to certain antigens. Some people are more susceptible to type I hypersensitivity then others and the precise mechanism is not known. However, it has been shown that such individuals preferentially produce more of TH2 cells that secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which in turn favor IgE class switch. IgE has very high affinity for its receptor (FcÃŽ µ; CD23) on mast cells and basophils. (#1) A succeeding exposure to the same allergen can cause the cross links of the cell-bound IgE and activates the release of numerous pharmacologically active substances. Cross-linking of IgE Fc-receptor is imperative in mast cell activating; mast cell degranulation is followedby increased Ca2+ influx, which is a crucial process; ionophores which increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ also promote degranulation, while agents that deplete cytoplasmic Ca2+ suppress degranulation. Mast cells may be activated by other stimuli such as exercise, emotional stress, anaphylotoxins. These reactions, mediated by agents without IgE-allergen interacti... ...nclude T lymphocytes and monocytes or macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells cause direct damage while helper T cells secrete cytokines which activate cytotoxic T cells that recruit, activate monocytes and macrophages, which cause the bulk of the damage.(#1) The delayed hypersensitivity lacerations mainly contain monocytes and some T cells. Major lymphokines involved in delayed hypersensitivity reaction include monocyte chemotactic factor, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, TNF alpha/beta, etc. (#1) Analytical tests in type IV hypersensitivity include delayed cutaneous reaction and patch test. In vitro tests for delayed hypersensitivity include mitogenic response, lympho-cytotoxicity and IL-2 production. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents are used in treatment. The diseases associated with type IV hypersensitivity are tuberculin test, poison ivy and granuloma.

How to Write an APA Style Paper Summary

APA is a abbreviation for American Psychological Association. The American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. APA was founded 1933 in Tacoma, Washington as the Douglas Fir Plywood Association. Any APA style paper should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8. 5†³ x 11†³) with 1†³ margins on all sides. You have to have a page header which is known as â€Å"running head† at the top of every page. The running head should be a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot be over 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. If you are wondering about a footnote , APA dose not recommend you using a footnote because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright. Your essay should have four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References. The title page should include a title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Next you should include your abstract witch should include summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent. ) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. Next is the Main Body should include the key points about your essay. Then finally, the Reference page, the page itself should include internet sites that you got most of your info from. Remember the copy rights rule, if you have copied more than 500 words then you have violated the copy rights law. If you need to use an authors words make sure you remember to ask for permission. Follow the same formatting rules as with Content Notes for noting copyright permissions. Then attach a copy of the permission letter to the document.

Pat Barker’s Regeneration Essay

Explore the psychological and moral impact of war on soldiers and civilians in Pat Barker’s Regeneration and Wilfred Owen’s poetry. In the course of your writing show how your ideas have been illuminated by your response to Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 and other readings of both core texts. Pat Barker’s Regeneration, Wilfred Owen’s poetry and Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 can all be categorised as subjective war texts as the main structural principle is not dominated by character’s actions, but rather, this is subordinated by the moral and psychological processes upon those individuals. Here the authors have used war to present a larger theme or moral implication, by centring the literary texts on war’s impact, whether that be a physical or a psychological manifestation of war’s disturbing effects. Barker wanted primarily to focus her novel on the lasting effects of war, specifically WWI in which this novel is set. In order to do this she has used horror sparingly, allowing her to still show the suffering of the characters without detracting from the point of the novel. One of the few exceptions to this rule is Barkers use of vivid flashbacks to make the soldier’s torment apparent. For example, Burns a patient at Craiglockhart War Hospital is left psychologically damaged, after being thrown ‘head-first, on a corpse, whose gas-filled belly had ruptured on impact’. Barker intended that her novel be focused on the psychological and moral processes of war, in order to educate the public as to the extent of wars reach, in an attempt to prevent the continuation of war. The chronological ordering and interlinking protagonists results in a sense of fluidity, where the ease of reading and direct writing style allow Barker to more effective present her argument, altho ugh the novel allows us to draw our own conclusions. Heller’s novel set in WWII focuses on the damage inflicted by the war on the soldier’s minds, both in driving them to madness and in blurring the line of moral duty and conscience. Heller never addresses the psychological impact formally: Instead he broaches the subject using satirical dialogue, whereby he shows the men to have been driven to madness and that it is just accepted  in war time. But this callousness is mocking, as is made apparent by the underlying dark humour, which demands this novel be taken seriously. Heller intensifies the dark mood of the text with snapshots of horrific imagery and blunt observations. The circling non-linear order of the story appears haphazard; this reflects the illogical nature of war. Heller’s structuring, as commented by Russ Allbery, ‘requires that the reader pay close attention to maintain the order of events’: Thereby ensuring that the reader fully engages in the text and is able to appreciate Heller†™s moral implications. Allbery also commented on Heller’s last structural technique, as the ordering ‘does lead to an effective juxtaposition at the climax of the book’. Many people have commented that Owen uses horror in order to shock the reader into the realization of what war can do. A prime example of this is EXPOSURE, based on Owens own experiences it ‘exposes’ the reader to the realities of war. The poem centres on the physical conditions of the soldiers who are ‘exposed’ to the elements, which are so horrendous that the men long to go into battle as they see the bullets as ‘less deadly than the air ‘. The weather is personified ‘His frost’, as the elements are now the enemy that are slowly killing them. It is also a reflection of the mental conditions of war, as Owen details what the men are subjected to we see their progression into despair and probable depression. Owen shows the environment is quick to impact the soldiers as from the first line they have all ready been worn down by the unrelenting winter, ‘our brains ache, in the merciless iced east winds’. The soldiers then become frustrated and anxious, ‘but nothing happens’, ‘we cringe in holes’. Stanza’s s five and six are more heavily punctuated to show the soldiers exhaustion, until ‘slowly our ghosts drag home’. These soldiers may not have been fighting on the front lines, but this is no less serious, as they died slowly and agonisingly. Wilfred was aware when writing EXPOSURE that the public would not have realised the true severity of life in the trenches. Indeed all his poems are in an attempt to educate civilians as to the true horror of war, in a bid to prevent more men being put to death or derangement. The last stanza reiterates just how dangerous and brutal their surroundings were: ‘Pause over half-known faces. All their eyes are ice,’ the weather has taken  all the warmth and life out of them, leaving bodies so disfigured they are unrecognisable. Wilfred Owen’s letter’s home to his mother from the front line during WWII show the inspiration for the traumatic images in his poetry, as he confides in her that ‘It has passed the limits of my Abhorrence.’ In order to focus Regeneration on the impact of war Pat Barker uses Rivers, a psychiatrist at Craiglockhart, as the central character. As Rivers comes into contact with other characters displaying symptoms of having been impacted by war, Barker is then able to follow individual cases fully exploring the lasting impression that war has left. This also allows her to provide a historical structure as Rivers has extensive knowledge about the war and particularly its psychological effects, which he communicates throughout the novel. Rivers then provides a historical structure in another sense. Inevitably, in war literature there is an element of realism due to historical basis, but Pat Barker emphasises this though intertextuality. She interviews historical context such as Rivers’s character, who is drawn from Dr. W.H. Rivers who conducted experiments on nerve regeneration in the early twentieth century, integrating him with her fictional characters. The inspiration for Rivers came from her husband who was a neurologist familiar with Rivers’s work. Indeed, the immediate inspiration for Regeneration came from Barker’s husband. Barker then links directly with WWI through the use of famous persons or institutes associated with WWI such as Sassoon, Owen and Craiglockhart. The first case within Regeneration to be examined was that of Sassoon. Barker shows Sassoon to have been labelled ‘shell-shocked’ in order to discredit his declaration. It is clear from the outset that not all people, specifically those in high command, take war neurosis or in this case, neurasthenia, seriously. Rivers states that ‘Langdon doesn’t believe in shell-shock’, Rivers is Barkers voice, though him she establishes the relationship between the mental institutions and the Government. Throughout the novel emphasis is put on the lack of awareness by civilians as well as officials, so that the reader may gage the importance of understanding in order to prevent these atrocities from reoccurring. Wilfred Owen’s centralisation on the psychological manifestation of wars effect’s, is so that he may proceed to look at a larger theme and moral implication. Owen intended to demonstrate to the public the extent to which these men were pushed, under which conditions they are driven to the verge of madness. Owen’s hope was to rid the public of their ignorance, providing them with the understanding of how crippling our attitudes can be. In his PREFACE he stated that he was ‘not concerned with poetry’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Poets must be truthful’, by this he meant that he would not write to glorify war, but to warn and try to stop the war. SELF INFLICTED WOUND shows the pressure put on one particular soldier, by not only the horrific conditions of battle and war, where he was forced to undergo the ‘torture of lying machinally shelled’, but the expectations on him to be able to cope with it and ‘show the Hun a brave man’s face’. Owen creates an atmosphere of entrapment, ‘roofed in with creeping fire’, reflective of that that the soldier must have lived in. Contained by the expectation of his family that is made clear ‘Death sooner than dishonour, that’s the style!’ The dangerous conditions in the trenches are emphasised by listing, ‘trench foot, shock’ etc. But ‘death seemed still withheld’, Owen shows the soldier to have become suicidal because of the physical as well as mental pressures of war. The ‘English ball’ in the third stanza is an English bullet; they made different bullets so that they could tell if someone had committed suicide. The two suicides in the poem were not then isolated incidences, if there was a need for this ‘English ball’. In the last verse they bury the soldier with the ‘muzzle his teeth had kissed’, this is perverse because he kisses his killer. Yet there is a sense of relief in the line ‘Tim died smiling’, as he is now free of the pressure of war. The structure of S.I.W. is incongruent and arbitrary, the rhyme scheme and rhythm vary particularly after the Prologue, as he had then experienced the horror of war. Barker’s apt placement of Sassoon’s declaration ‘Finished with the War,’ at the beginning of Regeneration establishes that the continuation of war can be stopped, ‘by those that have the power to end it’. Everything that  follows in novel is consequential to the decisions made by those in authority; because of the introduction the reader is aware that all the suffering shown can be prevented. Barker accentuates the point of this omnipotent leadership condemning the men to the inevitable suffering and mental torture demonstrated by the very existence of Craiglockheart. But more importantly, to the devolvement of power whereby officers and civilians are party to the continuation of war, and so, to the continual sentencing of death and derangement for all those conscripted. This is what Sassoon feels duty bound to protest against; he refuses to ‘be a party to prolong these sufferings’. Sassoon is used both as a symbol of the soldiers condemned to follow orders until they are of no use, and of the officers condemned to sentence the soldier to their inevitable death. Sassoon, along with Rivers epitomises the conflicting moral obligations thrust upon soldiers and civilians alike. Sassoon and Rivers battle with the idea of ‘duty’, a value brought to the forefront in 1914 with the beginning of war. Barker’s protagonists discover that when fulfilling ‘their obligations to king and country’ their duties conflict with their personal duty to individual freedom and belief’s. It has been remarked that Barker cleverly plays these two characters off one another, in order for them both to examine where their duties lie and how best they will serve society. In highlighting their conflict Barker encourages the reader to contemplate what war asks of the individual. Rivers is given Sassoon’s case by the Board to assess Sassoon’s mental state in view of his declaration. But it soon becomes apparent to Rivers that he is completely sane, in their first interview Rivers admits as much to him, ‘of course you’re not mad’. This then puts Rivers in an awkward position, as he realises his paradoxical role as a rmy doctor means that because Sassoon’s ‘a mentally and physically healthy man. It’s his duty to go back, and it’s my duty to see that he does’. He confided in Bryce (a fellow psychiatrist,) that he was ‘hoping’ to find something wrong with Sassoon. Rivers feels as a doctor and fellow sufferer a need to protect Sassoon, but as an officer is forced to send him away into danger. Rivers’s role as a doctor is somewhat conflicting, within the novel he tries to justify or suppress the idea that these men are being sent to him to be cured, and as soon as he helps them  they are being sent away to either come back to him or be killed. The curing process is also at odds with his character, as he finds in his attempt to prevent further suffering he must make his patients recall horrifying memories of their pasts. Burns, one patient in particular, had such an unbearable experience that Rivers no longer had the heart to try to make him talk about it; ‘I can’t make myself think about it’. His duty as a doctor to induce pain in his patients is at variance with his duty as a human to prevent the pain of his friends. Rivers is able however, to help Sassoon in resolving the tension between his duty to his country and duty to his citizens, by encouraging him to return to war for the sake of the soldiers. Although at the end of the novel Rivers clearly sympathises with Sassoon, contemplating that ‘a society that devours its own young deserves no automatic or unquestioning allegiance.’ This mirrors as well as confirms Sassoon’s declaration, ensuring that the reader retain Barkers most important moral. Heller’s Catch-22 is drawn from his own experiences during WWII; in 1942 he joined the Army Air Forces to become an officer and bombardier, much of what he saw is reflective in the novel and much of his consequential views are also present. Heller completed his sixty missions and was awarded an Air Medal as well as a Presidential Unit Citation with his honourable discharge. ‘Honour’ and integrity feature heavily in Catch-22, as Heller reflects on the psychological and moral process upon those impacted by war. It is not as easy for those in Catch-22 to leave their service as it had been for Heller, particularly for Yossarian. Yossarian struggles throughout the novel to rid himself of his duties to his country and is finally presented an opportunity by Colonel Korn. Yossarian has refused to fly any more missions and the Officers are worried that others will follow his example, but if they send him home it will look like a reward. So Colonel Korn proposes that Yossarian be made a Major and sent home as a hero, (provided that Yossarian tells the other men how wonderful he generals are), or they will court-martial him. Yossarian initially thinks that it’s ‘a pretty scummy trick’, as it’s not really giving him any choice, to which Colonel Korn replies ‘Odious’. Here Yossarian is faced with a moral dilemma; in order to save himself he might ‘serve as an inspiration to them to fly more missions’. Yossarian caves,  deciding that the others can stand up for themselves and agrees to the deal. Upon leaving his new ‘pals’ he is promptly attacked by Natley’s whore, who some critics have suggested embodies Yossarian’s conscience and symbolises an attack of guilt. During Yossarian’s stay at the hospital (as a result of the attack), he is able to reflect on the deal and who his real ‘pals’ are. Yossarian’s moral conflict results in him realising that he can’t go through with the deal because it would be at the expense of the other men. He tells Major Danby ‘I’m breaking the agreement’, Danby is horrified but Yossarian turns the tables on him asking how he can work with people like Cathcart and Korn, to which Danby replies ‘because it’s my duty’. Here Heller uses the idea that war results in conflicting moral obligations much the same as Barker does, Danby must help those that misuse power as they rank above him and it is his ‘duty’. Yossarian then discovers the missing pilot Orr actually escaped, Yossarian feels liberated as now he knows how he can leave without causing harm to his fellow soldiers and can help the young girl. When Danby protested saying; ‘your conscience will never let you rest’. Yossarian laughed and replied ‘I wouldn’t want to live without strong misgivings’. Heller intended the reader to see that war is immoral and we should be ruled by our conscience. This is emphasised at the very end where Nately’s whore (a symbol of his conscience) tries to kill him again, but this time she misses as Yossarian has done the right thing. He finally resolves the struggle of his conscience. Within FUTILITY Owen question’s why creation is destroyed with no seeming purpose, in particular the creation of man. Owen questions the destruction of life in order to show how precious it is, yet in war we not only intend to kill our ‘enemies’ but sentence our own soldiers too. Owen hoped to show the moral implications of war and it’s psychological impact on the soldiers. He uses the sun as a symbol of creation, as it ‘wakes the seeds’ and gives life to the earth. But although so much has gone into making man, ‘so dear achieved’, in the end the ‘fatuous’ sunbeams are powerless. Here Owen sets natures power to create life against the futility of extinction. There is a sense of ambiguity in the last line as the poem comes to nothing; this is reflective of the fact that there is no reconciliation for the miracle of creation being laid to waste. Which is mirrored in the first stanza where  the ‘fields unsown’ is used both as a literal example of the life that the dead will never go back to, as well as a metaphor for the tragedy of life left unfulfilled. The last line can also be linked to Owens poem EXPOSURE, as that too comes to nothing ‘but nothing happens’, giving no relief to the soldiers. The tone of FUTILITY is made peaceful through use of natural imagery and soft words such as ‘gently’. The diction is simple and used together with one syllable words shows the deep felt mood, creating a factualness through it’s simplicity. Yet it is mournful and has a sinister undertone, the endless sleep is a referral to death and the continual questioning in stanza two creates a sense of despair. Owen is quick to avoid smoothness by shortening the first and last line of each stanza. He further disturbs the natural rhythm through pararhyme; ‘sun-sown’, ‘once-France’ etc. Pararhyme has been commented to be a favourite among Owen’s techniques; it is particularly apt to describe war due to it producing an effect of dissonance and failure. Pat Barker, Wilfred Owen and Joseph Heller each explore wars processes upon the individual, in particular the psychological and moral impact. The texts do not glorify war, but rather, show the un-sung horror and extent of its true reach. The act of war is forgotten, as the authors place the significance on society’s power a whole and the power of the individual, to prevent the reoccurrence or continuation of war.

The Arms Race to Peace essays

The Arms Race to Peace essays The economic and technological changes that accompanied the Industrial Revolution fundamentally altered the nature of modern warfare. Unprecedented advances in machinery and mass production made the development and production of new weapons an inevitable component of the preparation for conflict. As industrialization spread across the globe, so too did the proliferation of weapons manufacturing. Indeed, these years of progress saw the advent of the modern arms race. For decades international relations scholars have engaged in theoretical discussions about the factors that contribute to arms races. Sides have been taken on this issue and whole schools of thought have developed. Some theories contend that arms races occur in a manner consistent with a spiral model. This philosophy contends that nations engage in vertical proliferation in response to such actions by their adversaries. Other scholars argue that the source of arms races can be found in domestic politics, tracing the motivation for weapons development to an embedded military-industrial complex or ideological stasis on the part of defense hawks (Kydd 2002). Inherent in many of these theories and beliefs is a position on the ultimate impact to these arms races. This paper will address the latter of these concerns, more specifically, whether or not arms races cause war. This paper will contend that arms races are not a cause of war. This is not to say that no arms race has ever contributed in any way to conflict. However, the historical record and the aforementioned scholarly theories about weapons buildups provide compelling evidence that arms races are not an innate component of conflict. This paper will begin by discussing several instances of arms racing which did not result in conflict. I will also discuss some of the prominent wars which some contend are the result of arms races and attempt to show that these examples are misgui...

Autism spectrum disorder Essays

Autism spectrum disorder Essays Autism spectrum disorder Essay Autism spectrum disorder Essay Autism spectrum upset Introduction Autism is an overall term which is used to depict a group of complicated encephalon developmental upset which is besides called permeant developmental upset. There are other permeant developmental upsets which include permeant developmental upset which is non yet specified, Aspernger s syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative upset. This group of upsets is jointly referred to as Autism spectrum upsets ( Morgan, Jones A ; Jordan, 2001 ) . Prevalence rate The prevalence rate of the upset is estimated to be approximately 0.7 % among kids doing it more prevailing than kid malignant neoplastic disease, juvenile diabetes, and paediatric AIDS. It is reported that around 1.5 1000000s of individuals populating in the United States and other legion 1000000s of people around the universe are enduring from autism. The United States authorities figures show that the prevalence of autism among its population has been lifting every twelvemonth. The ground for the addition has non been found, but improved diagnosing and environmental influence are considered to be the cause for the increased consciousness. Male kids have been reported to be more prone to the upset as compared to the female kids and are diagnosed with the status rather often. In the United States it is estimated that around 1 % of the male childs are diagnosed with the upset ( Ehlers A ; Gillberg, 1993 ) Symptoms Every person who is diagnosed with autism has alone marks which can non be compared to that observed in another person. This is so because autism is a combination of upsets, one individual s status can be really terrible with the other individual holding a little 1. The normally ascertained marks in persons with autism include ictus upsets, GI jobs, mental deceleration and unwellness. Explanations for the being of these jobs in persons holding autism are non known. It is possible to province that these extra conditions observed is grounds of assorted signifiers of autism with each being caused by different factors ( Haley, 2006 ) . Although the conditions listed supra are rather normally observed in persons holding autism as compared to those people who do non hold autism, they are non observed in everybody enduring from autism. The other symptoms observed include societal and communicating symptoms, centripetal and motor symptoms, and personality differences ( Rudy, 2009 ) .Autistic spectrum upsets have a common societal interactions, communicating, and imaginativeness which are linked to stiff, continual paradigm of manners. It normally begins at birth or at the fist three old ages of life, but can besides get down later on during the kid s life. The three of symptoms can be noticed at all degrees of intelligence and can be observed entirely or accompanied with some other physical or even psychological upset ( Columns. 2009 ) Causes The chief cause of autism is non yet established with the research workers mentioning the chief cause being idiopathic. Since the upset has changing badness and the clinical marks associated with it, it is suggested that the status has assorted causes ( Novella, 2008 ) . Research workers suspect a cocktail of factors which might be considered to do autism and they include multiple familial constituents which might do autism entirely or when combined with other environmental factors which are non yet determined ( Wing A ; Gould, 1979 ) The clip at which the kid might hold got exposed to these factors is besides important, for illustration, before birth, during birth or even after the kid is already born. Very few instances of autism can be associated with familial upsets like Fragile X, Tuberous Sclerosis, and Angelman s syndrome. Exposure to environmental factors which are infective like maternal German measles or CMV, or chemicals like thalidomide or valporate at the clip of gestation ( Ehlers A ; Gillberg, 1993 ) There is an increasing involvement among research workers on the map of immune system in the control of autism. There have been suggestions that autism may affect redness in the cardinal nervous tissues ( Wing A ; Potter, 2008 ) . Animal surveies have besides produced grounds on how the immune system of the organic structure can act upon symptoms which are linked to autism. There have been organized autism negotiations which aim at increasing the degree of consciousness and besides probes of utile immunological facts to research workers who are non in that field and those within the field of autism at the community degree ( Haley, 2006 ) . Previously, autism was believed to be caused by bad parenting as was proposed by Dr. Leo Kanner in 1943. Because the unequivocal causes of autism is non yet established, it has become clear that bad parenting is non one of the possible causes of the upset. Dr. Bernard Rimland who founded the Autism Society of America and the Autism Research Institute enabled the medical community to appreciate that autism does non come approximately as a consequence of cold parents but from biological beginning ( Mauro, 2009 ) Reasons for the recent consciousness Harmonizing to the professionals in the field of kid development in Britain, there has been increase in the figure of kids diagnosed with autistic spectrum upsets. Dr. Kanner was the first individual to qualify autism when he described it as a status in a certain group of kids with a unusual form of behaviour noticed after birth or before achieving the age of 30 months. He subsequently referred to the status as early infantile autism ( Columns. 2009 ) Harmonizing to the professionals in the field of kid development in Britain, there has been increase in the figure of kids diagnosed with autistic spectrum upsets. Dr. Kanner was the first individual to qualify autism when he described it as a status in a certain group of kids with a unusual form of behaviour noticed after birth or before achieving the age of 30 months. He subsequently referred to the status as early infantile autism ( Columns. 2009 ) Many clinicians have a feeling that there has been an addition in the figure instances of autism as compared to the yesteryear. Some current surveies have showed high prevalence rates for autism. Harmonizing to California wellness and human services bureau study between the old ages 1987 to 1998, a period in which the research was done, there was rise in the figure of persons diagnosed with the upset ( Morgan, Jones A ; Jordan 2001 ) . Decision can hence be made that the addition in the figure of persons reported with autistic spectrum upsets can be attributed to alterations in referral forms and in the methods of diagnosing, and the much cognition of the different manifestations of the autistic behavior ( Ownby, 2008 ) .There might besides be alterations in the prevalence rates either locally and internationally with the cause non being known. Failure to transport out decently resourced prevalence surveies, the status of the upset is likely to stay black ( Mauro, 2009 ) Decision The grounds for the addition in the autistic spectrum is non yet clear because assorted researches has showed conflicting figures associating to the prevalence of the upset. The status still requires a batch of research work to cast visible radiation in its causes, prevalence rates and its direction. Mentions : Columns ( 2009 ) . Autistic spectrum upsets. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7027/327 Ehlers, S. A ; Gillberg, C. ( 1993 ) . The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome: a entire population Survey, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 ( 8 ) , pp. 1327-1350. Haley, B. ( 2006 ) . Vaccines and the altering epidemiology of autism. Child Care Health Dev. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.whale.to/a/autism_diagnosis.html Mauro, T. ( 2009 ) . Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //specialchildren.about.com/od/gettingadiagnosis/g/Autism.htm Morgan, H. , Jones, H. A ; Jordan R. ( 2001 ) . A Guide to Services for Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorders for Commissioners and Providers. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //autism.bibliomaker.ch/BM_DIRECTORY/H/BM000001710/7723/JOR3.pdf` Novelette, S. ( 2008 ) . The Increase in Autism Diagnosiss: Two Hypothesiss. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/ ? p=95 Rudy, L. J. ( 2009 ) . A Definition of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //autism.about.com/od/autismterms/f/defautism.htm Ownby, M. H. ( 2008 ) . Raising Autism Awareness. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //autismaspergerssyndrome.suite101.com/article.cfm/raising_autism_awareness Wing, L. A ; Potter, D. ( 2008 ) . Notes on the prevalence of autism spectrum upsets. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nas.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp? d=364 A ; a=2618 Wing, L. A ; Gould, J. ( 1979 ) . Severe damages of societal interaction: and associated abnormalcies in kids: epidemiology and categorization Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9 ( 1 ) , pp. 11-29.